Semantics

Define the following            
         
1.Semantics.

Semantics is the study of meaning. It typically focuses on the relation between signifiers, such as words, signs and phrases, symbols, and what they stand for

Linguistic semantics is the study of meanings that humans use language to express. Other forms of semantics include the semantics of programming languages, formal logics, and semiotics.

The word "semantics" itself denotes a range of ideas, from the popular to the highly technical. It is often used in ordinary language to denote a problem of understanding that comes down to word selection or connotation.

  Zoosemiotics. Animal communication is any behavior on the part of one animal that has an effect on the current or future behaviour of another animal. The study of animal communication, sometimes called Zoosemiotics

2. Wilbur Schramm. Wilbur Lang Schramm is sometimes called the "father of communication studies," and had a great influence on the development of communication research in the United States, and the establishing of departments of communication studies in US universities.

Schramm was born in Marietta, Ohio. After working for the Associated Press, he received an MA in American civilization at Harvard University and a Ph.D. in English at the University of Iowa, where he eventually founded the creative writing workshop. His own stories resulted in his award of the O. Henry Prize for fiction in 1942. His interests extended beyond the humanistic tradition, and some of his early work examined the economic conditions surrounding the publication of Chaucer's tales, and audience reactions to poetry written in different meters. During the Second World War, Schramm joined the Office of War Information to investigate the nature of propaganda, and during this time and after employed largely behaviorist methodologies.

Langue is a municipality in the Honduran department of Valle. The town is located near the border of El Salvador and is a regional Hammock making center. Most of the town is made up of sharecroppers and day laborers. There are usually Mormon missionaries and Peace Corps volunteers in the town. There is a lot of cattle raised on the flat areas of town. The town has suffered greatly from deforestation and drought. The town's technical school "Instituto Tecnico John F. Kennedy" was built by the Peace Corps. The municipality has an official population of over 25,000, most of whom live in the surrounding villages. The main town has a moderate sized market that expands greatly on Sundays when villagers come to town to sell crops or goods.also is the town in which population has the best transportation in the south zone of honduras. there are buses travelyn from: langue to amatillo. langue to nacaome langue to choluteca. langue to monjaras, cedeño, buena vista. langue to tegucigalpa. langue to progreso and so on. the tourist feel comfortable, and safe in langue valle come and see


Signified The signified is the concept the signifier represents. Or, as ChangingMinds.org puts it, "The signified is the concept, the meaning, the thing indicated by the signifier." Our minds are full of signifieds. Each time you encounter a signifier or a series or collection of signifers, your mind conjures up a signified idea or image.

Connotative meaning According to Chandler, "the term 'connotation' is used to refer to the socio-cultural and 'personal' associations (ideological, emotional etc.) of the sign." According to Barthes, connotative meaning occurs when an entire sign (the relationship between a signifier and its signified content) becomes a signifier itself. When we're dealing with connotative meaning, we're in the terrain of what Barthes calls "second order signification." According to Chandler, connotative meanings "are determined by the codes to which the interpreter has access." That is, connotation is culturally specific. For example, in a society where wolves are feared as predators, a political advertisement that juxtaposes a candidate with images of wolves would, on a connotative level, mean that the candidate is threatening and fearsome. Conversely, in a society where wolves are revered and respected, such a juxtaposition might convey a connotative meaning of a respectable, powerful candidate.



Triadic communication

Connotative meaning.


In semiotics, connotation arises when the denotative relationship between a signifier and its signified is inadequate to serve the needs of the community. A second level of meanings is termed connotative. These meanings are not objective representations of the thing, but new usages produced by the language group


Connotative meaning is the subjective meaning that an individual brings to a word based as experiences, prejudices, and life's lessons. Denotative is dictionary meaning that nearly everyone agrees upon.


Entropy "Entropy is a measure of randomness and entropy of the universe increases." I studied this few years back without understanding. Whenever I imagine explaining this sentence, I cannot come up with examples.
Can someone explain this term in plain English?


A certain property of a body, expressed as a measurable quantity, such that when there is no communication of heat the quantity remains constant, but when heat enters or leaves the body the quantity increases or diminishes. If a small amount, h, of heat enters the body when its temperature is t in the thermodynamic scale the entropy of the body is increased by h / t. The entropy is regarded as measured from some standard temperature and pressure. The entropy of the universe tends towards a maximum


Dyadic communication. Dyadic communication is the direct communication between two people or groups of people. Usually it refers to mother-child verbal interactions which include close eye contact, exaggerated prosody, and mutual imitation.

Dyadic communication involves communication between two people, reflecting the term dyad

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11. Mention briefly about the relationship between media and communication.

12. What are the different approaches to communication theory?

Communication is the production and exchange of information and meaning by use of signs and symbols. It involves encoding and sending messages, receiving and decoding them, and synthesizing information and meaning. Communication permeates all levels of human experience and it is central to understanding human behavior and to nearly all public health efforts aimed at fostering health behavior change among individuals, populations, organizations, communities, and societies.

Communication may be studied empirically and critically at different levels of interaction. These levels, often described on a "micro-to-micro" continuum are "intra-personal" (how individuals process information), "inter-personal" (how two individuals interact to influence one another), group (how communication dynamics occur among many individuals), formal and informal "organizations" (how communication occurs and functions in the context of organizations such as hospitals, schools, or public health agencies), and "community" and "society" (how communication builds or changes the agenda of important issues).

Empirical study means applying scientific methods to the study of communication; as in the study of behavior change resulting from exposure to a communication campaign. Critical study means applying methods of cultural, literary, or normative criticism to the study of communication; as in the analysis of how media content creates health-related meaning and influences behavioral norms through commercial advertising or entertainment.

Many fields emphasize the importance of communication theory as a basis for understanding human behavior. For the field of public health, the use of applied communication perspectives involves how communication activity positively or negatively contributes to health behavior, and how the planned use of communication influences health behavior within the context of health education and health promotion.

ORGANIZATION OF COMMUNICATION STUDIES

Communication scholar George Gerbner describes three main branches of communication study. The first is "semiotics," the study of signs and symbols and how they combine to convey meaning in different social contexts. This branch is mainly concerned with how verbal, nonverbal, visual, and aural signs and symbols combine to create messages.

The second branch, media effects, is the study of behavior and interaction through exposure to messages. It emphasizes measuring, explaining, and predicting communication effects on knowledge, perceptions, beliefs, attitudes, and public opinion. It is strongly influenced by scientific methods from the fields of psychology and social psychology.

The third branch, message production, is the study of the large-scale organization of communications through social institutions and systems (mass media, political organizations, government, advocacy groups), their history, regulation, and policy-making impact. It is strongly influenced by scientific methods from the field of sociology, but also by the methods of political science, history, and public affairs.

Just as no single behavioral theory explains and predicts all human behavior, no communication theory explains and predicts all communication outcomes. Some view this as a fragmentation in understanding the role of a communication in human affairs. Others view this as a productive theoretical diversity, conducive to the understanding of human activity in many complex dimensions. Communication researchers have increasingly sought to connect and to integrate effects across levels of analysis, from the "micro" to the macro. For example, health campaign planners may study the effects of a media campaign in generating interpersonal discussion. They might look at media story about a new drug or treatment to see if it causes patients to raise the issue with their health care providers.



13. Define Aristotle model of communication

14 What do you mean by the term ‘noise’ in communication?

Communication noise refers to influences on effective communication that influence the interpretation of conversations. While often looked over, communication noise can have a profound impact both on our perception of interactions with others and our analysis of our own communication proficiency.

The word 'Noise' in communication theory is a barrier to communication that may weaken or destroy a message that is trying to be relayed

There are a number of ways to classify noise. It can be subdivided according to type, source, effect, or relation to the receiver, depending on circumstances. In order to make the classification more compact, noise sources can be divided into two main groups:

• Noise whose sources are external to the receiver (External Noise) and • Noise source created within the receiver itself (Internal Noise).

Types include:

Shot noise; Johnson noise; Partition noise and White noise

15. How would you differ semiosis from linguistics?

Semiosis is any form of activity, conduct, or process that involves signs, including the production of meaning

Linguistics is the scientific study of natural language. Linguistics encompasses a number of sub-fields. An important topical division is between the study of language structure (grammar) and the study of meaning

16. Describe propaganda and the public theory of communication.